Timber Cruising Equipment and How to Use It

Ed. Note: The first essential step toward selling timber or timberland is an inventory. It is a necessary step which enables the seller to set a realistic price on both the wood and the land. The inventory and methods used to determine volumes are also used between sales to make silvicultural and management decisions. Here is the equipment you need, the cruising procedure  and how to calculate the cruise. This report is based on an article written by Ron Wenrich. Ron is a sawmill consultant and has extensive knowledge on how to inventory your forest using the point sampling method. It is written in three parts, this being the first part, and all links included were chosen by the editor. You could measure every tree and do a 100 percent appraisal, but this is very time consuming and costly to do on large forests. But another way is to use a sampling system. A proven system, called point sampling, is used regularly by foresters and can be used by timber owners as well. We will discuss point sampling and the equipment you need here. Point Sampling Point sampling is a method of determining the frequency of occurrence of trees throughout the stand using a fixed point. These points can either be random or systematic. What you will be measuring is the basal area of the trees occurring at that point or plot center. Basal area is the area of the cross-section of tree stems near their base, generally at breast height, and including bark measured over 1 ac. or ha. of land. This basal area (BA) is then used to calculate the volume of a tree. Basal area increases as stand size and site quality increases. Gauges Some sort of gauge is needed to determine which trees are counted and which trees are not. An angle gauge - either prism (the prism is a wedge-shaped piece of glass that will deflect the image when viewed), string, or stick gauge can be used. Several types of angle gauges can be purchased from any forestry supply company. A stick gauge can be constructed by putting a target on the end of a stick and by keeping a 1:33 ratio. A 1-inch site would be put on the end of a 33-inch stick. You then eyeball each target tree with this gauge to find out if it should be included in the sample (more on this in a minute). It has been suggested that a dime can be used as an angle gauge. As long as a 1:33 ratio is maintained, anything can be used. For a dime, the distance held from your eye would be about 23 inches. A quarter would be held 33 inches away. An alternative to buying an angle gauge would be to build one. Build an Angle Gauge Take a 1-inch piece of sturdy material - plastic, metal, etc.- and drill a small hole to attach a string. Kite string will work well, knotting the string at 33 inches from the gauge and attaching it to the sighting device. Now, when using, simply put the knot between the teeth and sight your gauge with the string completely stretched. An alternative is to put a 1-inch notch in the material which creates a kind of sight. Before taking to the woods with one of these, youll need to know how to use one. Using Your Gauge Trees are counted at a point. This point can be random when just checking stocking at a certain point, or they can be located on a grid to get data for volume or other factors. Trees will either be counted or not counted. Counted trees will appear larger than the gauge. Trees appearing smaller than the gauge are not counted. Some trees will be borderline, and distance should be measured from the plot center if accuracy is desired. For most purposes, counting every other tree will yield effective results. It is also necessary to keep the gauge parallel to the tree. If a tree is leaning towards or away from the plot, the gauge should be moved accordingly. Prism Angle Gauges A prism (most foresters use this type gauge) will deflect the image of the tree that is being observed. Trees that are deflected off the main bole are not counted, while those that fall within the main bole are counted. The difference between the prism and the other angle gauges is that the user keeps the prism as the plot center while other gauges use the eye as the plot center. Prism angle gauges come in a number of sizes, known as factors or Basal Area Factors (BAF). For most purposes, a BAF of 10 is used. At your point you simply make a circle counting the trees that fall into your plot. Multiply by 10 and you have the basal area per acre at your plot. You will also notice that larger trees that are further away will be counted, while smaller trees will not. When computing number of trees, larger counted trees represent fewer trees than smaller counted trees.

Women s Roles During Ancient Egypt - 1665 Words

Nurhane Vila Professor Krasinski Introduction to Archaeology April 24, 2015 Women s Roles in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa and it was one of the six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization began around 3150 BC and only ended nearly 30 centuries later due to the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. Noted for their great pyramids of the Old Kingdom, historians often question the gender roles in society. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt is evident through objects, artifacts, and monuments that have been found recovered from archaeological sites. Egyptian women achieved parity with Egyptian men. They enjoyed the same legal and economic rights. This was evident in the artworks left behind by their artists. However, this is not to conclude that all shared the same rights because there were many social classes. Gender did not define their rights, but their social class did. Egyptian women, specifically, extended power to all areas of Egyptian civilizations. Women were capable of managing, owning, and selling private property which consisted of: slaves, land, money, livestock, and goods. Women in Ancient Egypt era had more rights than some women in modern time. They were able to resolve legal settlements such as marriage contract or a divorce contract. Although there is not any evidence which leads for us to believe that marriage ceremonies took place, but contracts survived.Show MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia951 Words   |  4 Pageshistory are Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, because of the different geography, exposure to outside invasion, influence, and beliefs, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia came to not only contrast in political and social structures but also share similarities in them as well. When it came to the development of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations politics played a prominent role in structuring the very foundation of each respective civilization. For instance, when it came to Ancient EgyptRead MoreThe Early History Of The Western Civilization1344 Words   |  6 Pages5,000 years since the appearance of the first civilizations in the ancient Near East (Instructor, 2016). This history is highlighted by the rise of many different kingdoms and empires each with contributions to modern western cultures. The following essay will describe the Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C.) a moderately complex period in the world history. Even though ancient Greece had the most advanced technology, art, and poetry but wellRead MoreAncient Egyptian Sports And Sports1606 Words   |  7 PagesSports in Ancient Egypt included Handball, Competitive swimming, Hockey, Weightlifting, Tug of war, Javelin, Jumping, Running, Boxing, Wrestling, Rowing, Equestrian sports, Handball and swimming. Ancient Egyptian sport also included team sports. They required team work in an effort to display skill, strength and sportsmanship. Hockey Ancient Egyptians had a version of field hockey. Hockey sticks were pieces of palm tree branches with the tell-tale bend at the end. The inner core of the ball wasRead MoreGender Roles : Women, Gender, Sexuality And Other Facets Of Identity1623 Words   |  7 PagesGender roles play as an important role in how the society has interpreted the distinction between the male and the female. The distinction of different gender roles evolves over time, with the constant influence of â€Å"class, ethnicity, sexuality and other facets of identity†. (Judith Butler, 1990) This essay will consider three distinctive examples of how artists have questioned gendered stereotypes over time. The essay will also explore examples of female being represented as male and male beingRead MoreThe Egyptian Hittite Peace Treaty1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe ancient civilization of Egypt was ruled by despotic Pharaohs who were the political and religious dignitaries of upper and lower Egypt.The kingdom of Ancient Egypt, whose people believed in a pantheon of various gods who governed the world around them,decided that the rule of the Pharaohs was justified through religious beliefs, but unlike the much later Kings and Queens of England, Pharaohs right to rule came not from approval from God, but from being considered gods themselves. Most contractsRead MoreEssay on Rights Of Egyptian Women1669 Words   |  7 Pages Rights of Egyptian Women nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout written history, women have experienced status subservient to the men they lived with. Generally, most cultures known to modern historians followed a standard pattern of males assigned the role of protector and provider while women were assigned roles of domestic servitude. Scholars speculate endlessly at the cause: biology, religion, social custom. Nevertheless, the women were always subordinated to the men in their culture. ThroughRead MoreThe Role Of Traditional Patriarchal Structure Of Society1485 Words   |  6 Pagesuniformly hegemonistic culture, like that of some ancient societies. However, in Ancient Egyptian society, men and women were seen as equal; many parts of society that were socially exclusive to the male gender in other traditional societies were readily available to Egyptian women. As complementing counterparts, their roles were essential to the efficiency and functionality of society. As the historian Herodotus so adamantly put, when visiting ancient Egypt, â€Å"they have reversed the ordinary practicesRead MoreReligion And The Ancient Egypt Empire1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ancient Egypt Empire held a very fascinating, distinctive culture. Being one of the world s most advanced cultures and creating tons of wealth is what separated them from everybody else. Between the outstanding artwork, teaching methods, and amazi ng pyramids is what helped this society advance together. No other civilization of the ancient world history has such a popular appeal and none as important as human society and its organization. Fortunately, these Egyptians have made great steps inRead MoreCulture : The Light Of A Society1097 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of tradition and expression within a society. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India are the heartlands of various cultures, yet they share many identities. Historically, these are the main locations from which the most dominant cultural ideas have spread. The Egyptian is one of the ancient cultures and is unique in many mysterious ways. The way their religion motivated their architecture and their belief, is very interesting and astonishing. Egypt still holds some of the world’s greatest mysteriesRead MoreThe Evolution of Gender Roles and its Role in Society1505 Words   |  7 Pages When thinking of gender roles in society, stereotypes generally come to mind. Throughout history these stereotypes have only proven to be true. Major historical events have had a huge impact on the way men and women are seen and treated. In this way, women have always been secondary to males and seen as the fragile counterparts whose job is to take care of the household and most importantly, be loyal to her husband no matter the circumstance. Gender roles throughout history have greatly influenced

Cephalic Carnage - Xenosapien free essay sample

Review of Xenosapien by Cephalic Carnage Love them or hate them, Cephalic Carnage have always been pushing the boundaries of technical death/grind. Cephalic Carnage incorporates much more jazz, doom, and sludge influences into their music than most of the other leading technical death/grind bands of today. When was the last time you heard Dying Fetus or Cryptopsy play a genuine doom metal song? When was the last time you heard a saxophone solo in a Cattle Decapitation song? But, as with all bands that are willing to experiment, to change styles, to drasticly transform sounds over time, there is a raised chance of falling flat on ones face. Anyone whos listened to Xenosapien will agree that Cephalic Carnage have hardly fallen on their faces, but Xenosapien, their most experimental album to date, may succeed in concept, but hardly in execution. What we have here is a collection of songs that range from being amazing to pretty good to extremely boring, and though the underlying thought process of taking their death/grind meet s technical jazz meets doom diversity and taking it to the â€Å"next level† is excellent, Xenosapien does not seem like a step forward. We will write a custom essay sample on Cephalic Carnage Xenosapien or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its varied, thats a fact. But there isnt very much cohesion, and all but a few of the songs leave no lasting impression. Xenosapien is destined to be a release that I find listenable, but not an album Id care to listen to multiple times, and not an album that Ill find myself thinking about in admiration anytime soon. The album opens up with a few seconds of soft guitar, before blasting into the traditional death/grind madness of â€Å"Endless Cycle Of Violence.† Being the most straightforward song, its an obvious opener. With the next track being â€Å"Divination Volition†, the band leans more to their really technical grind side. That being said, the song gets pretty boring pretty fast, despite the constantly changing tempos and riffs. The next three songs are also more in the grind style, but they also incorporate more death metal arrangements, and have slower sections. They are nothing spectacular; adequate, some even above decent, but nothing that sticks to your ribs, no melodies that are memorable. â€Å"Heptarchy (In The UK)† is a definite step up. I could listen to this song on repeat a couple times and it definitely wouldnt bore me. â€Å"Heptarchy (In The UK) is just a good, fun death/grind song, with a bit of a rock feel in the riffs (its hard to explain, just tr ust the fact that it is there). Next up is â€Å"G. Lobal O. Verhaul D. Evice†, my favorite track on the album. Its a slow, doomy song with some clean vocals, and though they seem a bit odd at first, they actually fit the song really well. The song breaks, and there is a soft saxophone solo, and then it comes back into its sludgy, doomy, goodness. Im just generally satisfied by â€Å"G. Lobal O. Verhaul D. Evice.† The following two tracks, â€Å"Let Them Hate So Long As They Fear† and â€Å"The Omega Point† are quite bland. To follow the slowest song on the album with a minute long grind piece is a BIG mistake. To include the mmmeeeehhhh-fest that is â€Å"The Omega Point† on a Cephalic Carnage album is a BIG mistake. To try and pass a handful of good or decent-plus songs spread out between merely adequate grind tunes as a great experimental album is a BIG mistake. Luckily for us, Xenosapien ends on a pretty good note. â€Å"Megacosm of the Aquaphobics† is a pretty cool tune, and I can actually remember a few of the melodies used, and theyre definitely hum-able. The album closes with â€Å"Ov Vicissitude†, a great slower song that I really dig. On my edition of the album, there is a hidden, untitled track. The untitled track is by far the sludgiest song on the album, and it is just a really great song to chill to. So, overall this album isnt awful. Because Cephalic Carnage insists on including a wide spectrum of song styles, the album suffers, though. If one took â€Å"Heptarchy (In The UK), â€Å"G. Lobal O. Verhaul D. Evice†, â€Å"Megacosm of the Aquaphobics†, â€Å"Ov Vicissitude† and the hidden track, there would be one heck of a great EP, one that was pretty much as experimental and varied as Xenosapien was probably intended to be. So yeah, Cephalic Carnage knows what they want; they just arent totally able to obtain it. I expect a great album from them in the future if they nail the formula right. But Xenosapien just doesnt fit the bill. Xenosapien has great ideas, but the execution is flawed. Its worth owning if you find it cheaply, but if I were you, Id save your money for the next Cephalic Carnage album.

Prebook Regional Growth and Disparity

Question: Discuss about thePrebookfor Regional Growth and Disparity. Answer: Introduction Indias growth is projected remain strong with around 7.5% growth rate. Private consumption is also expected to be increased as a result of increase in high earning wages and also the current declining inflation rate. Investment is also anticipated to gradually start rising due to the fading away of excess capacities. The maturing of the infrastructure projects and the deleveraging of banks and corporations is also going to be a major booster to Indias economy. However, the investors and consumers are expected to be affected by the new cuts in policy rates. India is also expected to do some improvements in its productivity so as to catch up with other higher-income nations around the world. Therefore, the government is going to put more efforts in the major economic sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, labor and also regulation of the market. The government is also aiming to improve the quality of education and the health systems by enacting different reforms in these sectors. India, being the largest democratic country covers 2.4% of the worlds landmass and 16% of the worlds population in it. Indias population increases by 1.6% every year. According to the united nation fund on population activities, worlds population increases by 78% per year and it contributes about one-fifth of its growth. India now has a 1.2billion population comprising 587million females and 624million males according to the 2011 census conducted in India that is an increase of 181million people since the 2001 census nearly equivalent to Brazils total population. Population Growth and Economic Development in India. While approaching 17th century, human population grew at a snails in the initial stages of the human history and also pre-history with advancement in agriculture, science and industry. Acceleration in population was observed during this century. In the year 1800, it took more than a million years for mankind to reach the first billion populations; the second billion was added by the year 1900 and 3.7billion in the twentieth century(Bhattacharya Sakthivel, 2004). Presently, the world population is estimated at 6.8billion with an increase of one million every four days. Population growth however has consequences on economic development that has attracted attention on economist ever since wealth of Nations; the annual labor of every nation is the fund that originally supplies it with all necessary and conveniences of life written by Adams Smith. Only Malthus and Ricardo who raised an alarm on how the economy was being affected by population growth. However their fears were proven to be baseless because in Western Europe, rapid population growth resulted to rapid industrialization in its continent. Sometimes its said that population growth helps by providing and expanding market goods in an economic development zone(Chandrasekhar, 2010). Even though its incorrect to say that over-population retards economic development all economic development efforts under fast growing population turn out to be writing on sand with waves of population growth washing away all that we have written its also true that population growth hampers development in many ways in that you find that in under developed countries like India, most of its population is in rural areas where its people involve fully in agriculture as there source of survival. Population pressure on the land rises which leads to distribution of man ratio due to inelastic land supply. This further adds to the lack of employment and reduction in per capital production in that wages drop with an increase in labor that reduces the propensity to invest and save(Coale Hoover, 2015). Economy is reduced to a subsidence level where no land improvements cannot be done rather to concentrate in feeding the entire population even when experiencing shortages in food supplies. Growth of population retards capital formation. Children are also to be fed with the capital received from the work they do which means that there is more expenditure on consumption and consequently low savings. Losing investments, savings and income compels people to use low technology and even no mechanizations at all due to the cost incurred in purchasing the machines(Suomi, Basaure, Hammainen, 2013). Rapid increase in population forces the economy into most cases of under-employment and unemployment cases. With any increase in population workers proportion to a population rise but its impossible to expand jobs with an absence in complementary resources that may be compulsory for a particular purpose. Social Changes in India. Indian culture, one of the richest and oldest cultures, poses a serious threat due to the strong base of western culture that is slowly wiping out the Indian culture and traditions. Its slowly heading to other parts in India after establishing itself in Metros. Social Medias and new communication networks have lured the youths into developing unhealthy relationships with people they dont even know and cannot distinguish if they are young or elderly(Jeuland, Harshadeep, Escurra, Blackmore, Sadof, 2013). Through this means, the true merit of westernization in culture can be foreseen in that anybody interested in learning a certain culture can now do it at his or her comfort without any restrictions. This can also lead to culture disintegration now that technology has taken over the youths minds and corroded their sense when it comes to dealing with issues(Desai, Dubey, Joshi, Sen, Shariff, Vanneman, 2010). New technology has many potential for youth in that it allows them communicate to anybody and everyone that they may be interested in speaking to. According to most studies, 250 to 300million individuals belonging to the middle class and they can all get access to the social network and enjoy themselves in the process. In many years the middle class population has been an occurrence through decades ailing to the IT revolution in the country(Venkatesh, Skykes, Venkatraman, 2014). The rise in the Indian middle class is based on one key factor named education. Medicine and engineering, the two prime educational opportunities have become too expensive for the ordinary man to even dream of it. Education being that it is ticket to better employment opportunities and better income that helps one to uplift his family. Most families are willing to spend more on their childrens education being that it is now the focus point of the middle class society. By 2020, most of the west and south of the Indian country will be middle class but the backward states like Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar wont get to middle class before 2040(Hubacek, Guan, Barua, 2007). Vigorous migration helps to create pressure on the backward states for them to catch up. Governments Attitude Towards Sustainable Growth in India The Indian government is doing everything possible to make the Indian economy to grow rapidly. There are laws and regulations that have been put in place to govern the business environment. This has made India to be an attractive place for different multi-national companies that wants to invest in India(Venkatesh, Skykes, Venkatraman, 2014). The government is also focusing on eradicating literacy hence empowering its citizens with more advanced skills to enable them to actively build the Indian economy. Environmental Change Predictions in India According to recent predictions, Indias climate poses an additional pressure on socioeconomic and ecological systems that are said to be already facing very tremendous stress especially from the growing economic development, urbanization and industrialization. Science seeks to clearly forecast the trends that climate change will have on India so as to enable the government to come with sound policies for the Indian economy. Research about Indias climate seeks to know the degree of effect that different factors may have(Tiwari Joshi, 2012). Some of these factors include; population and economic growth, technological advances just to name but a few. Sustainability Sustainability strategies can be defined as efforts or plans by a particular company or organization that are put in place for it to remain relevant in the market. Some of the strategies that Iball company in India should develop include: improvement of its systems, innovation, corporate governance and the development of its employees. Each of these has a potential of making Iball to improve its operations in the India market for and hence form a good foundation for long-term strategy, mid-way strategy and minimal strategy for its market. It is important for Iball Company to know that selecting the right strategy strongly depends on the above items. Some of the strategies Iball should put in place are as follows: Shared Responsibility It takes responsibility by ensuring that products are managed safely throughout their life cycle of regulation, manufacture, use, distribution, recycle, and supply. The product manufacturer does not have to worry over every factor of the product lifecycle no matter how perfect the product may be. Each one of us a part to play and make sure you do what is needed(Wilson Purushothaman, 2006). Lifecycle Thinking This aims at working to reduce significantly or prevent and increase sustainability throughout the product lifecycle. This could range from regulations to withdrawing the product from the market to simple communications to redesign the product in question. A product take-back program may be an effective and efficient component of product stewardship in some cases, as might substitute safer components(Tiwari Joshi, 2012). Knowledge This is the most important key factor because it requires you to understand health and safety risks of your action in relation to the materials used and exposures that may come as a result of your action and also you should be able to understand the potential environment too. In addition, make an effort to know how other product lifecycle impact risk on other factors. It is Iballs responsibility to develop knowledge of the products that will define the product in question(Lee Mason, 2011). Stakeholders Stakeholders influencing success of a product, employees, stockholders, and neighbor, government, peers, and suppliers concerns must be understood .get to know what is it youll do to assure the stakeholders that the product is being managed properly and that it is in safe hands. Increase Sales from its Current Customers Use the current customers that it already has instead of putting 90% of its effort on people who are not aware or doesnt show any interest in their business rather Iball should focus on the remaining 10% of its customers who make regular purchases on daily basis for they are its champions in spite of its increasing revenue(Maddison, 2007). The company should consider finding different types of loyalty programs, customer recognition, discounts for repeated purchases and new product offering to existing customers first. Value Every Relationship Anyone you meet is important and maybe he or she might become your customer, advocate, mentor or even funder at some point. There is no harm in trying this kind of ideas at different angles with different people even though it doesnt mean all relationships will end up with those ideal results. This journey helps one learn about your business and you as an individual doing that business. Making Time for Long-Term Planning Ideally we are always busy and sometimes, making time is not an easy thing to do by sitting down and thinking about the future. But we can always strategize by planning properly whether it is a year or planning for the next five years it is important that you should have a road map to understand where you are headed and how youll get there. This doesnt mean you have to take that route but youll be surprises at how much you can achieve in a year if you send out your goals(Munsi Rosenzweig, 2009). Try making time not only in your business but also to work for your business. Conclusion. Whenever a person plans on venturing into a business it means that he or she has thought of it properly and is ready and willing to start it with full dedication. In the that line of business you should be ready for anything that may come your way but dealing with those issues one need patience and I mean a lot of patience and faith that it will work. References Bhattacharya, B. B., Sakthivel, S. (2004). Regional growth and disparity in India: Comparison of pre-and post-reform decades.Economic and Political Weekly, 1071-1077. Chandrasekhar, S. (2010).Infant mortality, population growth and family planning in India(Vol. 19). Routledge. Coale, A. J., Hoover, E. M. (2015).Population growth and economic development. Princeton University Press. Desai, S. B., Dubey, A., Joshi, B. L., Sen, M., Shariff, A., Vanneman, R. (2010).Human development in India(pp. 12-12). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Hubacek, K., Guan, D., Barua, A. (2007). Changing lifestyles and consumption patterns in developing countries: A scenario analysis for China and India.Futures,39(9), 1084-1096. Jeuland, M., Harshadeep, N., Escurra, J., Blackmore, D., Sadoff, C. (2013). Implications of climate change for water resources development in the Ganges basin. Water Policy, 15(S1), 26-50. Lee, R. D., Mason, A. (Eds.). (2011).Population aging and the generational economy: A global perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing. Maddison, A. (2007).The world economy volume 1: A millennial perspective volume 2: Historical statistics. Academic Foundation. Munshi, K., Rosenzweig, M. (2009).Why is mobility in India so low? Social insurance, inequality, and growth(No. W14850). National Bureau of Economic Research. Singh, N., Sharma, V. P. (2013). Patterns of rainfall and malaria in Madhya Pradesh, central India. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology. Suomi, H., Basaure, A., Hmminen, H. (2013, October). Effects of capacity sharing on mobile access competition. In 2013 21st IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Tiwari, P. C., Joshi, B. (2012). Environmental changes and sustainable development of water resources in the Himalayan headwaters of India. Water resources management, 26(4), 883-907. Varadarajan, R. (2014). Toward sustainability: public policy, global social innovations for base-of-the-pyramid markets, and demarcating for a better world. Journal of International Marketing, 22(2), 1-20. Venkatesh, V., Sykes, T. A., Venkatraman, S. (2014). Understanding e?Government portal use in rural India: role of demographic and personality characteristics. Information Systems Journal, 24(3), 249-269. Wilson, D., Purushothaman, R. (2006). 1. Dreaming with BRICs: the path to 2050.Emerging economies and the transformation of international business: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs),1.